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organized crime
Organized crime is a category of transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals, who intend to engage in illegal activity, most commonly for money and profit. Some criminal organizations, such as terrorist groups, are politically motivated. Sometimes criminal organizations force people to do business with them, such as when a gang extorts money from shopkeepers for so-called "protection".〔Macionis, Gerber, John, Linda (2010). Sociology 7th Canadian Ed. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Canada Inc. p. 206.〕 Gangs may become disciplined enough to be considered ''organized''. A criminal organization or gang can also be referred to as a mafia, mob, or crime syndicate; the network, subculture and community of criminals may be referred to as the underworld.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Definition of Mob in the Oxford Dictionary online, see meaning 2 )〕
Other organizations—including states, militaries, police forces, and corporations—may sometimes use organized crime methods to conduct their business, but their powers derive from their status as formal social institutions. There is a tendency to distinguish organized crime from other forms of crimes, such as, white-collar crime, financial crimes, political crimes, war crime, state crimes, and treason. This distinction is not always apparent and the academic debate is ongoing.〔Tilly, Charles. 1985. "State Formation as Organized Crime." In Evans, Peter, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol eds. Bringing the State Back In Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.〕 For example, in failed states that can no longer perform basic functions such as education, security, or governance, usually due to fractious violence or extreme poverty, organised crime, governance and war are often complementary to each other. The term Parliamentary Mafiocracy has been used to describe democratic countries whose political, social and economic institutions are under the control of few families and business oligarchs.〔Interview with Panos Kostakos (2012) (Is Oil Smuggling and Organized Crime the Cause of Greece’s Economic Crisis )? (by Jen Alic)〕
In the United States, the Organized Crime Control Act (1970) defines organized crime as "The unlawful activities of () a highly organized, disciplined association ()".〔() 〕 Criminal activity as a structured group is referred to as racketeering. In the UK, police estimate organized crime involves up to 38,000 people operating in 6,000 various groups.〔Dominic Casciani, BBC News home affairs correspondent: 28 July 2011 ''(Criminal assets worth record £1bn seized by police )''〕 In addition, due to the escalating violence of Mexico's drug war, the Mexican drug cartels are considered the "greatest organized crime threat to the United States" according to a report issued by the United States Department of Justice.
==Models==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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